SHORT ANSWER:
Substantive due process under Article 21 ensures that laws affecting life and personal liberty must be just, fair, and reasonable.
DETAILS:
- Article 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty.
- The Supreme Court has interpreted this article to include various rights such as the right to privacy, right to education, and right to a clean environment.
- Laws infringing on these rights must meet the test of reasonableness and must not be arbitrary.
PUNISHMENT / IMPLICATIONS (if applicable):
- If a law is found to violate substantive due process, it can be struck down by the courts.
SOURCE:
- Constitution of India, Article 21
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