SHORT ANSWER:
The interpretation of Article 21 has evolved to include both procedural and substantive due process, enhancing the rights of marginalized communities.
DETAILS:
- The Maneka Gandhi case (1978) expanded the scope of Article 21, ensuring that the right to life and personal liberty cannot be restricted without a fair procedure.
- It established that laws must not only be fair in procedure but also just, reasonable, and not arbitrary in substance.
- This evolution has led to the recognition of various rights, such as the right to privacy, right to education, and right to a clean environment, benefiting marginalized communities.
PUNISHMENT / IMPLICATIONS (if applicable):
- Violation of Article 21 can lead to judicial review and invalidation of laws or actions that are found to be arbitrary or unjust.
SOURCE:
- Constitution of India, Article 21
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