SHORT ANSWER:
Substantive due process under Article 21 ensures that laws and actions of the state do not violate the fundamental rights to life and personal liberty.
DETAILS:
- Article 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty.
- Substantive due process requires that laws must be fair, just, and reasonable.
- It protects individuals from arbitrary actions by the state.
PUNISHMENT / IMPLICATIONS (if applicable):
- If a law is found to violate substantive due process, it can be struck down by the courts.
SOURCE:
- Constitution of India, Article 21
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